Production of thermosetting synthetic resins capable of imparting improved wet strength to paper



PRODUCTION QF THERMOSTE' TING .SYNTHEIIC RESINS CAPABLEYOF IMPAR TIMRBQYED WET mear T ,liphu B llavidson andEdygard:LyRumatowski, :Toledo,

1N0 Drawing. Application at p il14 ,195 2,

' -sa-iai N0.2s 2 ,264'

1 Cla msta-9 5 The inventionrelates to the production oflthermosetting synthetic .resins -that are capable of imparting im- PFQVQ s renst w e e ainthe manufacture paper.

When used for imparting .Wet strength to paper, .a synthetic resin is usually incorporated atthe wetend of the paper making process, forlexample in the; heater or at the head box. A synthetic resin-that isincorporatedatthe wet, end of the paper making process emusttbe capable of dilution. Without precipitation .ofithe resin, and must have an aifinity for tbe paperfibers so. thatlateasonablyilarge proportion of the resin deposits .on ,the paper fibers and so that an unreasonably large proportionof themesin is not lost in the waste water.

h P ip je of the invention .iatheaeconomical production of a modified urea-formaldehyde resin .that imparts improved wet strength Whenmsedinthemanu- .facture of paper. Morespecific objects and advantages are apparent from the description, which discloses and illustratesbnt is not intendedto limitttheinvention.

.Methylamines are useful for the modification .of ureaformaldehyde resins to be used in the manufacture of paper to impart wet strength. .However,..methylamine is a gas, and it. has been found thatit is quite difiicult'and inconvenient to react methylamine with .iormalde'hyde and urea to produce a synthetioresin for.useinsthemanufaeture of paper.

.in'thenovel method of thepresentinvention, ammonia is reacted with formaldehyde and formic acid :in aqueous solution to produce. methylamines, andthe tresulting met-hylamines are reacted with ureaandformaldehyde in-aqueous solution to produce a syutheticiresin. It has been discovered that the present method is iremar-kably economical and that .a synthetic resin which impants excellentwet strengthto paper iaproducedbytthe reactionof 'formaldehyde and urea in aqueous solution with-the mixture of methylamines.

A resin produced Lbythe method -of the inventioniis a product of theraction of an aqueous solution of methylamines with formaldehyde and urea. A urea-formaldehyde resin rmustebe capable oil-forming a 0.}1 per cent aqueous solution atordinary temperatures in o der 'to-be used atthe wet end of the paper makingprocesabecause a urea-fdrmaldehyde resin 'cannot beincorporated-successfully atthe wetjend unless it isthat solnb'le. -Inpracti ce the resin must be prepared in the form of a relatively concentrated solution or in dry form, andmustbe dispersed and dissolved as it is added at the wet end. If the resin is not suiiiciently soluble to be capable of-forming a 0.1 per cent aqueous solution, the resin as his added forms curds which'cannot bereadily dissolved and which cause great inconvenience by necessitating frequent clean ing ofthe beater and associated apparatus. {The formation of curds leadsto serious difficultiesbecapsein "practied his necessary toinco rporate the resin under acid conditions, and under such acid conditions the eurds after depositing on.the equipment, are converted to the *insolu blestate.

.of the resin after preparation.

2,729,617 .tPat ented J ane 9 ice One of the important functions of the methylarnines used in producing a resinembodying the inventionis to impart the required .solub ilityto the resin.

Thetormaldehyde employed in the preparation of theramosetting synthetic resins of the invention may be in the form of one-ofits polymers. such as paraformaldehyde or may be used in any combination with one of its polymers. Usually an aqueous reaction medium is used, consisting .of thewater present in an aqueous formaldehyde solution. Although theforn ialdehyde used maybe ordinary commercial formalin fi. e., an aqueous solution comprisingapproxirnately 37 per cent formaldehyde by weight), it is .preferred that the concentration of formaldehyde in thetaqueons solution used beabout 45 or per cent. Further dilutionduring the reaction lSzlITldBSiI'flblC sincejit results in resins having decreased stability and lower, solubility. :Reaetingat ahigher solids concentration than is achieved using ordinary commercial formalinresults in resins which have improved watersolubility and which impart greater wet strength. T he stability of resins reacted at higher solids concentrations (i. e. resins in which the formaldehyde used is in aconcen tration of 45, or 50 percent-in aqueous solution) can be increased by dilution The reaction offammonia, formaldehyde and forrnio acid in aqueous solution to produce methylardines m ay be represented bythe following equations:

.lnwthe production of methylamines by such a reaction the proportion of formaldehydeused maybe as-low as one mol per molof ammonia, but it; is preferable to use an.:exc,ess ofsformaldehyde, e. g., at least 2 mols per .ofiammonia. Althoughas muchas 4 mols of formalde- -;The proportion of formic acid used in the production of methylamines is preferably at least 1 to Zirnols per mol of ammonia, and'it may be ashigh as 4 to 6,mo1s"per mp1 of ammonia. Since a-n excess of formaldehyde islpreferably employed, some .formic acid may bebproduced by oxidationof the formaldehyde, but any formic acid produced in this way should be in addition to the amount that is added as such within the above ranges.

Fhe .proportion of ammonia that is used in the productionof methylamines may range from 0:01 to.'0.3" rnol per .mol of the ureathat is used in the reaction of the methylamines with urea and formaldehyde in the prodpo tion of synthetic resins by the present method. Preferably, the propoition of ammonia is from 0:05 to (1,2 5 mgl per mol of urea, and most desirably the proportion of ammonia is from 0.15 to 0.2 mol per mol of urea.

The proportion .of water present during reaction that forms the methylamines may be the wate rl present inthe commercially available reactants. Additional water may be used, but is not necessary oi-desirable. fljhe proportion of water may be any proportion thatf orms solution with the reactants.

l he proportion of formaldehyde that is used to react in aqueous solution with methylamines and urea should be not-rnore than about 2.4 mols per mol ofnrea and .i t is preferable touse not more than about 2.25 mols per mol of urea. Not less than about 1:8 mols of iorrnaldehyde should -be used per mol of urea and it is preferable to use .not less than about-2.0 mols per m ol of prea. ,Itis most desirable -.to use about 12,1 mols of tor nald ehydev per *mol of urea.

A synthetic resin *for imparting wet strength to paper is desirably incorporated atthe wet end of the paper making process before the paper is made, since this more convenient and less expensive method of applying the resin to the paper results in a wet-strengthened paper which is not coated with a sealing. This is known as wet end addition, the term referring not only to addition in the beater but also to addition in the machine chest,

, head box, fan pump or any other desired point at'the wet end of the paper making process. Since in the production of paper the mixture at the point of resin addition ordinarily comprises a very dilute suspension of pulp in water (less than two per cent) and a synthetic resin 'used for imparting wet strength is usually present in this suspension in a concentration of about one to two per cent of the pulp concentration, such a resin must be capable of dilution without precipitation. Such a resin should be a thermosetting composition so that it can be added in its water-soluble state to disperse and dissolve throughout the paper pulp suspension at the wet end of the paper making process before the paper is made, and then can be converted to a thermoset resin on the paper fibers by heating during drying or aging during storage.

The solubility in water of a urea-formaldehyde resin for use in wet end addition is usually represented by a typical parabolic solubility curve, plotted by determining the cloud temperature at various concentrations of resin and water. (Cloud temperature is that temperature above whicha one phase water solution exists at a given concentration of resin.) The parabolic solubility curve of a resin for use in beater sizing must not represent too large a range of insolubility (cloud formation) at ordinary temperatures. As the resin in concentrated solution or in dry form is added to the pulp suspension in the wet end of the paper making process it may form clouds at the point of addition. It is necessary that the resin reach a concentration at which it is soluble rapidly enough so that the clouds which form at the point of addition of the resin dissolve and disperse before they have time to become curds, for curds adhereto the equipment and usually do not re-dissolve and disperse in the pulp suspension so as to permit the paper fibers to be uniformly coated. If the resin'is sufficiently soluble that it is capable of forming a 0.1 per cent aqueous solution at ordinary temperatures (that is, at the practical operating temperatures ordinarily used during beater sizing, approximately 10 to 25 degrees C., varying, of course, with the location of the paper mill) the resin will pass through the concentration at which clouds form too rapidly for the clouds to become curds, and such a resin may be safely used. for wet end addition.

Ordinary urea-formaldehyde resins are far too insoluble when incorporated in the beater under the slightly acid conditions used and form curds before they have had time to be dispersed and dissolved in the water. It is necessary, therefore, to incorporate a modifying agent in a urea-formaldehyde resin which will make such a resin sufficiently soluble so that it will not form curds at ordinary temperatures as it is added to the pulp suspension in the wet end of the paper making process. In the practice of the present invention the modifying agent with which urea and formaldehyde is reacted is a mixture of methylamines in aqueous solution, comprising primarily methylamine with smaller amounts of dimethylamine and trimethylamine. Not only does a methylamine in the minimum proportions hereinafter described make the resulting condensation product capable of forming a 0.1 per cent aqueous solution at ordinary temperatures so that the resin can be used in Wet end addition, but the fact the methylamine is produced in aqueous solution, which eliminates the necessity for handling a gas, makes the pro duction of paper treating resins by the present method both economical and convenient. A resin embodying the invention is capable of imparting high wet strength to paper more inexpensively than any urea-formaldehyde paper treating resin heretofore known.

In general, the higher the ratio of formaldehyde to urea, the lower the minimum amount of methylamines necessary to produce resins having the required solubility which impart improved wet strength to paper. As much methylamines over this minimum amount may be used as seems economically feasible for obtaining a resin with the properties desired. For a given weight of resin the wet strength increases with increasing amounts of methylamines until a maximum is reached, after which the Wet strength starts to decrease. When an extremely soluble resin is desired, the amount of methylamines may be increased over that amount which gives maximum wet strength per unit of weight of resin. To obtain satisfactory wet strength with such a soluble resin it may be necessary to increase the amount of the resin use It is preferable that a resin of the invention comprise not less than about 0.01 mol of methylamines per mol of urea. Amounts of methylamines as large as about 0.3 mol per mol of urea give a very soluble resin which imparts high wet strength more economically than ureaformaldehyde paper treating resins heretofore known,

7 although maximum wet strength per unit of weight is obtained with a resin prepared using 0.15 to 0.25 mol of methylamines per mol of urea (with a molar formaldehyde-urea ratio of 2.12:1).

The urea and formaldehyde may be present in the solution in which the methylamines are formed. That is, ammonia, formaldehyde, formic acid and urea may all be reacted in aqueous solution in a single step (the proportion of formaldehyde being .suflicient, of course, to react with both the ammonia and the urea) 'to produce resins of the invention. However, it is difiicult to incorporate (without upsetting the preferred pH conditions for the present reaction, as hereinafter described) a sufficient amount of formic acid in a one-step procedure to obtain the proportion of methylamines required to impart the necessary solubility to the present resins. Thus, it is preferable to react ammonia with formaldehyde and formic acid in aqueous solution to produce methylamines as a separate step before reacting the methylamines so produced with urea and formaldehyde. satisfactory results can be obtained by a one step procedure in which the urea and formaldehyde are present in the solution in which the methylamines are formed, if an additional modifying agent is reacted simultaneously with the urea, formaldehyde and methylamines to impart additional solubility and wet-strengthening properties to the urea-formaldehyde resin. Such a modifying agent may be a salt of a hydroxyalkylammonia hydroxide in which the only atoms other than carbon, hydrogen, quaternary nitrogen and ether oxygen atoms consist of oxygen atoms contained in hydroxyl groups and in which the total number of carbon atoms is not more than twice the sum of the number'of quaternary nitrogen and ether oxygen atoms and the number of hydroxylspresent in hydroxyalkyl groups. Such a hydroxyalkylammonia hydroxide may be any compound which can be considered to consist of either (a) a molecule of ammonium hydroxide in which from one to four of the hydrogen atoms connected to the quaternary nitrogen atom have been replaced with monovalent aliphatic groups at least one of which is a hydroxyalkyl group, or (b) two molecules of ammonia hydroxide in each of which from one to three hydrogen atoms have been replaced as described in (a) and which are connected by one or two divalent aliphatic groups each of which replaces one hydrogen on each nitrogen atom; any oxygen atoms other than those contained in hydroxyl groups consisting of ether oxygen atoms joining aliphatic groups connected to the same quaternary nitrogen atoms, or to two different quaternary nitrogen atoms, the total number of carbon atoms being not more than twice the sum of the number of quaternary nitrogen and ether oxygen atoms and the number of hydroxyls present in hydroxyalkyl groups.

The te m quaternary nitrogen atom is used herein However, very to mean a nitrogen atom which isconnecte'd to four other atoms in group that is ,cajjzable of existing a cationTA carbon atom attachedifo' a quaternary -riitro-' gen atom in the ,hydroxyal kyla mmoniunihydroxide may be a primary, secondary or tertiary carbon atom in a monovalent aliphatic group, orfin'a divalent grou'p joiningltwo quaternary nitrogen atoms. Afhydroxyalkyi group in such compound inayfheanyalkyl group in which at least one hydrogenis replaced bya hydroxyl group.

Hydroxyalkylammoniurn hydroxides, whose salts may be used in the practice of the present invention, which canbe considered to be derived as described in(a)fabove or in (b) above, in whichnot more than threehydrogens on each nitrogen have beenlreplaced, maybe formedby dissolving the corresponding primary, secondary or tertiary hydroxyalkyl amine of amino compound in; the aqueous reaction medium used in thepractice of the present invention. fiydroxyalkylamines which may be so employed include: Z-hydroxyethylamine, bis(2-hydr oxy- 'ethy1)-amine, (Z-hydroXyethyl) methyla'mine, (2'-'h ydroxyethyl) dirnethylamine, (2-hydroxyethyl) ethylamine, 1,l-bis(hydroxymethyl) ethylamine, b'is(2hydroxyethyl) methylarnine, bis(hydroxyrnethyl)methylarnine, bis(2- hydroxyethyl) ethylene, tris(Z-hydrOxYethyDamine, lhydroxyrnethylpropylarnine, 1,1 bis (hydroxymethyl)propylamine, l,1-dimethyl-2-hydroxyethylamine, 2 hydroxypropylamine, Z-hydroxybutylamihe, and tris(hydroxymthyhmethylamine. Other hydroxyalkylamino compounds which may be so employed include N,N-bis (2- hydroxyethyl)piperazine, N 2-hydroxyethylmorpholine and 2,2'-bis(2 hydroxyethylamin o) diethylether. These amines and amino compounds and derivatives thereof in which hydrogen atoms connected'to quaternarynitrogen atoms are replaced with alkyl or hydroxyalkyl groups (the total number of carbon atoms in the molecule should not exceed the limits hereinbefore described) canbe prepared, for example, by the reaction of ethylene oxide and thecou responding amine (to form 2 -hydroxyethyl substituents) or by the reaction of a nitroalkane and formaldehyde and subsequent reduction (to form hydroxymethyl substituents).

A quaternary hydroxyalkylammonium salt (,e. g., tetrakis(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium chloride) may be prepared by reacting a tertiary hydroxyalkylarniniefwitha chlorohydroxy-alkane.

In general, when the resins of the invention are produced in a single step by the reaction in aqueous solution of urea, formaldehyde, ammonia, formic acid and a salt of a hydroxyalkylammonium hydroxide, it is preferable to use not less than about 0.01 mol of the salt of a "hydroxyalkylarnmonium hydroxide per mol ofurea, and

it is desirable to use not less than about 0.045 mol of a salt of a hydroxyalkylamrnonium hydroxide per mol of urea. It is most desirable to use not less than about 0.05 mol of a salt of a hydroxyalkylarnmonium hydroxide per mol of urea. Although the proportion of a salt of a hydroxyalkylammoniumhydroxide may be as high as about 0.3 mol per mol of urea, it is preferable that it be not higher than about 0.15 mol per mol of urea. The preferred proportion varies, however, in accordance :with the specific hydroxyalkylammonium salt employed, particularly with the number of .hydroxy ,groups in the hydroxyalkylammonium hydroxide molecule. when there is onlyone hydroxy group in themolecule ofrthe -hydroxyalkylammonium hydroxide (e. g, as in 2-hydroxyethylammonium hydroxide), the proportion of,this.suhstance required to impart sufficient solubility and wetstre-ngth is generally in the upper part of the range. As the number of ,hydroxy groups in a hydroxyal-kylammonium hydroxide increases, the proportion .of this substance required to impart sutlicient solubility and wet strength tends :to be in the lower part of the range. Thus, for example, when a salt of a hydroxyalkylammonium hydroxide is employed in the production of a":r'es'in of @the' invention ,and it is a salt of triethanplamine (i e., trisQ- hydroxyethyl)amine)( sucha salt is preferred in 'the practice {of the invention), the proportion of sucha salt may range from 0.01 to 0.09 mol per mol of'urea. fit is referable that the proportion of a salt of triethanbl e benot less than'a'bout 0.05 {mol per mol of urealfand not more than about 0.075 mol per mol of urea.

The proportion of ammonia fu sediwith such proportion of a salt of a hydroxyalkylammoniurhhydroxide should be at least about 0.0lmol'per'mol of urea, a d it is preferaolethat it be at "least 050;67-mbl per 111611 pf tea. Although the proportion ofarhrnonia ma be as high 'as about 0.2 mol per mol of urea, it is preferablethat it, be not higher than about 0.15 m'olper rnolofurea It is preferable that the total proportion of thesalt of a hydroxyalkylammonium hydroxide and the methylamines in a resin of the invention be at least 0.04 mol per mole of urea, since such a resin'eveii inla highlygcondensed state is sufficiently soluble to be used in wet ,end addition and can be used toinipart wet strength 'thatis considerably higher than that imparted. by a resin of'the invention in which the total proportion of suchmodifying substances is less than 0.04 molper mol of urea.

A hydroxyalkylammonium hydroxide mayybe' used in addition to methylamines as a modifying agent for the present urea-formaldehyde re sins even vvhen the proport'ion of methylamines is sufiicient to impartthe required solubility to the urea-formaldehyderesins, i. e.; (even when the methylamines are produ c'ed ina'separate step, and then are reacted in aqueous solution with urea and formaldehyde. The use of a hydroxyalkylammonium hydroxide in the resins of the invention produced by a two step procedure improves the stability-ofthe resins.

When the present method is carried out by reacting urea and formaldehyde simultaneously with methylamines and a salt of a hydroxyalkylammonium hydroxide as a one step procedure, i. e., when the urea and formaldehyde are present in the solution in which the methylamines are formed, it is usually preferable to add the hydroxyalkylarn nonium hydroxide to formalin and .then to adjust the pH withformic acid to about 710. [Aqueous ammoniais then added before adding urea and heating the mixture to the reaction temperature (about .degrees 0.). if desired, a salt of a'hydroxyalkylarnmoniurn hydroxide (e. g., a hydroxyalkylammonium formate) may be added directly to the f orrnalin, {instead of for-n1- ing it in Sim by adjusting thepI-I ofthemixture offhydroxyalkylammonium hydroxide informalin' with formic acid a) 7.0.

When the aqueous solution of .methylarnines isformed separately and is then reacted with urea and formaldehyde, in the first step the formaldehydetinan amount sufficient to react with ammonia to form inethylamines, as ,hereinbefore described) and the formic acid preferably are mixed at'rooin teinperat uraland aqueousarnmonia .is added slowly. Themixture isthen' .heatedat reflux until the pH is approximately neutrah i. e., ,Within the range 7.0 to 7.4L Ordinarily, lfr o n about ,t-wenty minutes to about one hourof heating maybe required to attain this pH. in the resulting yneutral solution the methylamines are in the form of :salts of formic acid.

(In aqueous solution, the salts are .methylam'monium formates.) The solutionof methylamines is cooled to 40 degrees C. before adding the urea .andformaldehyde and heating to the reaction temperature (about '95 degrees C.) in the second step of the proeedure' In any procedure for carrying'out the present reaction, when the mixture of'reactants is at reaction temperature, the pH is lowered with formic acid, for the reaction must be conducted under acid .conditions in order to proceed satisfactorily. The reaction should be between about 3 and about 6.5, and plrefeifablylitis between about 4.4 and about 6l0. whenlh'ranb of formaldehyde to urea 'ishigh, the pH "ordinarily 1 be in the lower portion of this range, for example 5.0 to 5.2. I

r The reaction temperature, in general, has little effect on the resin properties. Since at temperatures below 95 degrees C. undesirable lay-products form at a pH within the range 3.0 to 6.5, it is desirable to lower the pH to within this range only after the temperature of the reaction mixture reaches about 95 degrees C., not only to increase the formation of dimethylolurea, but also to avoid turbidity in the final product. (Although formation of an insoluble by-product has no effect on wetstrengthened paper made from filtered resin, the presence of a precipitate makes colorimetric pH control during the resin preparation very diiiicult.) it is, therefore, most desirable that the initial pH be within a range of about 6.5 to 7.0 and that the mixture be maintained approximately in this pH range until the temperature is about 95 degrees C. t

In the reaction of methylamines with urea and formaldehyde in aqueous solution, it is believed that one molecule of formaldehyde in the aqueous reaction medium combines with one molecule of water to form methylene glycol. The methylene glycol molecule condenses with a hydrogen atom attached to a nitrogen atom in the methylamine molecule (or a formic acid salt thereof, for example, monomethylamine formate or monomethylammonium formate) and with an NH2 group in the urea molecule as follows:

n-li-rwnto mow-nu The NHz group remaining in the product condenses with additional formaldehyde and urea in the formation of complex resin molecules. it is believed that the methyl.-

amine which thus becomes part of the urea-formaldehyde resin molecule through its hydrogen atom contributes to the water solubility, and that the methylammonium ion which imparts a positive charge to the resin molecule in solution also contributes to the water solubility of the resin. It is believed that the excellent wetstrengthening properties of the resins of the present invention are due to greater retention of resins containing such a positively charged methylammonium ion (which are cationic resins) on the cellulose fibers which are reported to be negatively charged.

Although a neutralized aqueous solution of methylamines is generally considered to consist of a solution of methylamine salts, such salts are largely dissociated in aqueous solution. Thus, when the neutralized solution is reacted with urea and formaldehyde, the methylamine salts remain substantially dissociated. Then, when the product of the reaction is dehydrated, the dissociation is reversed, and the methylamine or methylarnrnonium groups in the resinous reaction product are converted into methylammonium salt groups as the dehydration proceeds. Similarly, when a salt of a hydroxyalkylammonium hydroxide is used in the practice of the invention, the salt is largely dissociated in the aqueous reaction medium, and some of the cations produced by such dissociation combine with hydroxyl ions to form molecules of a hydroxyalkylammonium hydroxide, so that some of the molecules taking part in the reaction are molecules of the hydroxyalkylammonium hydroxide. When the product of the reaction is dehydrated the dissociation is reversed, and all the ammonium ions in the dried reaction product are converted to hydroxyalkylammonium salt groups.

a period of time as the resin remains stable.

When a salt of a hydroxyalkylammonium hydroxide is used in the practice of the invention, a methylene glycol molecule condenses witha molecule of the hydroxyalkylammonium hydroxide salt and with an Nit-i2 group in the urea molecule, so that the hydroxyalkylarnmonium hydroxide salt becomes part of the urea-formaldehyde resin molecule and contributes to the water solubility of the resin, just as methylamine salt becomes part of the ureaformaldehyde resin molecule and thus contributes to the water solubility of the resin. 7

in general resins of higher viscosity impart better wetstrength to paper. However, the increase inwct strength may be inappreciable beyond a certain viscosity, and since increased condensation tends to decrease both the stability and the water solubility of the resin, the reaction saould be terminated when that viscosity has been reached. The viscosity of resins reacted to the same degree of condensation will, of course, difier in accordance with the solids concentration of the reaction mixture. Resins embodying the present invention in which the proportion of formaldehyde to urea is within the limits hereinbefore given, and in which the concentration of the aqueous solution of formaldehyde used is about 45 per cent, are reacted to a desirable degree of condensation by reacting at 95 degrees C. until the viscosity of the solution is DE (measured by the Gardner-Holdt bubble viscometer standard method), cooling the solution to a temperature of 60 degrees C. and then continuing the reaction at that temperature until the viscosity of the resin solution is M-N.

Using a two-stage reaction (that is, reacting first at 95 degrees C. to a certain viscosity and then reaching the final viscosity by reacting at 60 degrees C.) ordinarily makes the reaction more controllable and gives more The wet-strengthening properties of a resin embodying the invention are increased when the resin is aged at room temperature or even lower temperatures for as long it is desirable to neutralize the liquid resin with a base such as sodium hydroxide to a pH of at least 7.9'and most desirable to adjust the pH to the range 7.0 to 7.4-, for greater stability of the resin.

Resins of the invention used in the present method ordinarily contain from 51 to 53 per cent solids. The stability of such resins may be further improved by diluting to a concentration of about 45 per cent solids.

The following examples illustrate the practice of the invention:

EXAMPLE 1 A resin of the invention is produced in accordance with the present method as follows;

(a) Formaldehyde (0.45 mol in an aqueous solution consisting of 51 per cent formaldehyde by weight) is held at a temperature of 30 degrees C. while formic acid (0.15 mol in an aqueous solution comprising per cent by weight of formic acid) is added. Ammonia (0.15 mol in an aqueous solution comprising 28 per cent by weight of ammonia) is added slowly under vacuum. The mixture is heated to reflux and held at that temperature for approximately one-half hour until the pH is approximately 7.0 to 7.4. This mixture is then cooled to 40 degrees C. To this mixture is added formaldehyde (2.12 mols in a neutral aqueous solution comprising 51 per cent by weight of formaldehyde) and urea 1 mol). The mixture is heated to degrees C. and the pH is then adjusted with dilute formic acid to 5.0 to 5.2. The heating is continued at 95 degrees C. to a viscosity of D-E (Gardner-Holdt). The mixture is then cooled to 60 dera ass w qen s a i ws y t that temperature. The resulting resin is neutraliz d with an aqueous. 25 per cent sodium hydroxid e sollitionto a pl-I'of 7.0 to 7.4, and diluted with water-"to. a 40 per cent approximately one-half hour until the pH is approximately 7.0 to 7.4. The mixture is then cooled to 40 degrees C. To this mixture is added formaldehyde (2.12 mols in a neutral aqueous solution comprising 51 per cent by weight of formaldehyde) and urea (1 mol). The mixtureis heated to 95 degrees C. and pH is then adjusted with dilute formic acid to 5.0 to 5.2. The heating is continued at 95 degrees C. to a viscosity of DE (measured by the standard Gardner-Holdt bubble viscometer method). The mixtureis then cooled to 60 degrees C. and condensed to a viscosity of M-N at that temperature. The resulting resin is neutralizedwith an aqueous 25 per cent sodium hydroxide solution to a pH of 7.0 to 7.4 and diluted with water to a 40 per cent solids concentration. This resin of the invention is hereinafter referred to as resin B.

A beaten pulp suspension is prepared as follows, using any type of paper pulp, for example, unbleached kraft pulp.

Pulp (400 grains of unbleached kraft pulp containing the equivalent of 360 grams of oven-dried pulp) issoaked in water liters) overnight. The soaked pulp is then agitated for 10 minutes with a Lightnin mixer (a highspeed motor-driven stirrer). The agitated suspension is then placed in a Valley beater (a standard beater designed for laboratory use) and enough water is added to bring the total volume of water to 23 liters (measured at a temperature of 25. degrees 6.). The beater is run for five minutes (slush period) before a load. (4500 grams) is placed on the lever arm which applies a torce to the beater roll. Samples are withdrawn at various intervals during the heating to measure the rate 'at which water passes through the pulp (freeness) as. Schopper freeness. The beating is terminated (after about onehalf hour) when the freeness is 550 to 600. The beaten pulp is diluted to such an extent that a volume of approximately 800 ml. gives a dry sheet weighing 2.0 grams. The pH is adjusted to 6.5 by the addition of sulfuric acid. A catalyst is added at this point (3 per cent alumbased on the weight of dry pulp). The beaten pulp suspension is allowed to stand for five minutes and is then ready for the addition of the resin for imparting wet strength;

A resin for imparting wet strength (oneof the resin solutions prepared as described in (a) and (b) above in an amount sulficient to give 1 per cent resin, based on the weight of dry pulp) is added to the beaten pulp suspension. A volume of stock large enough to give a sheet of the desired 2.0 grams weight (800 ml.) is placed in the sheet machine and diluted to a total volume of 10.7 liters, and the pH is adjusted to 4.5 by addition of sulfuric acid. The handsheet is made Within five minutes after the addition of the resin, and the operation is repeated four times without delay to make four more sheets.

The handsheets of wet-strengthened paper are made according to institute of Paper Chemistry--Tenta'tive Method 411-B-Valley. The sheets are pressed separately between six blotters under a pressure of 100 pounds for two minutes. Each sheet is placed .onlthe drier while still in contact with one blotter (sheet against the metal) and dried for five minutes at 250 degrees 10 The handsheets are conditioned for 24 hours at a temperature of 78 degrees F., and at 50 per cent relative humidity, and then are aged for one month at ordinary temperatures before being tested for Wet strength.

Wet bursting strength measurements are made on the handsheets with a Mullen Tester which Imeasures the bursting pressure, expressed as points (approximately pounds. per square inch) for a standardized circular area. Bursting strength of the paper is given herein as a burst factor, that is points per pounds of basis weight (basis weight is the weight of 500 sheets of the paper, 25 inches by 40 inches). Mullen wet burst values are obtained on paper samples wet with water from a brush (equivalent to about a ten second soak ofthe 'paper samples), and are recorded in column 2 of Table 1 (below).

Wet tensile strength measurements also are made on a standard pendulum-type tensile tester. The wet tensile strength results are given in kilograms per 15 mm. paper strip, the results being obtained after soaking for one hour in water at 23 degrees C. The results of the wet tensile strength tests are recorded in Table 1 (below) (column 3).

For sake of comparison, the Wet tensile strength results obtained for each resin after full curing of the treated paper sheets on a hot plate are also included in Table 1 (column 4).

Table 1 Wet Tensile (kg/15 mm.) (1 mo. aging) Wet Tensile (kg/15 mm.)

It is evident from Table 1 that a resin of the invention such as resin A has such a rapid rate of cure that only a small increase in wet tensile strength is obtained after full cure of the treated paper, over that obtained on one month aging of the treated paper. i v i i The resins of the invention impart wet strength that is at least as high and in many cases higher than the wet strength "imparted to paper by the best urea-formaldehyde wet strength resins heretofore known. Furthermore, the co'stofaresin of the invention is considerably less than that" of previous resins that impartsirnilar wet strength, i. e, paper treated with a resinof the invention has substantiall'y greater wet strength per unit of cost than any resin-impregnatedpaper heretofore known. a

Wet tensile strength tests are made with resins A and B (aged for one month) at concentrations of 1.0, 2.0, 4.0

and 5L0 per cent resin solids (based on the weight of airdry pulp), theiesults being recorded in Table 2 (below). Inthese tests, the pulp is beaten and refined to a freeness of 550 to 600, and the pH is adjusted to 4.5 by the addi' tion of alum at the regulator box.

Table 2 Wet Tensile (kg/15 mm.) Resin resin) 0% resin) (2% rosin) (4% resin) A 1.13 1. 56 2.05 2. 68 B i. a: 1. 41 1. s9 2. 3s

EXAMPLE 2 g j (a) A resin embodying the invention is prepared as follows: A hydroxyalkylamine (0.075 mol of tris(2- hydroxyethyl) amine) is added to methanol-free formalin (2.4 mols of formaldehyde in a solution consisting of 45 per cent formaldehyde and 55 per cent water by weight) in a l-liter 3-necked flask fitted with a thermometer, stirring rod, reflux condenser and oil seals. Suflicient formic acid is'added to adjust the pH of the mixture to 6.4. Ammonia (0.10 mol in a solution consisting of 28 per cent ammonia and 72 per cent water by weight) is then added. Urea (1 mol) is added and the mixture is heated to 95 degrees C. before addition of formic acid to lower the pH to within the range 4.6 to 4.8. The reaction is then continued at 95 degrees C. until the viscosity of the solution is Q-R (measured by the standard Gardner-'Holdt bubble viscosity method). The resin solution is neutralized with dilute sodium hydroxide to a pH range of 7.0 to 7.2. Methanol (2.23 grams) is added to the mixture, which is then diluted with water to a 40 per cent solids concentration.

The wet strength imparted by this resin of the invention is as high as the wet strength imparted by the resins pre pared as described in Example 1.

(b) A wet strength resin of the invention is prepared by the procedure described in (a) above except that ammonia (0.075 mol in an aqueous solution comprising 28 per cent by weight of ammonia) is used in place of the tris(2-hydroxyethyl) amine.

EXAMPLE 3 (a) A hydroxyalkylamine (0.05 mol of tris(2-hydroxy ethyl)-amine) is added to methanol-free formalin (2.27 mols of formaldehyde in a solution'consisting of 45 per cent formaldehyde and 55 per cent water by weight) in a l-liter 3-necked flask fitted with a thermometer, stirring rod, reflux condenser and oil seals. Sufficient formic acid is added to adjust the pH of the mixture to 6.4. Ammonia (0.05 mol in a solution consisting of 28 per cent ammonia and 72 per cent water by weight) is then added. Urea 1 mol) is added and the mixture is heated to 95 degrees C. before addition of formic acid to lower the pH to within the range 4.6 to 4.8. The reaction is then continued'at 95'degrees C. until the viscosity of the solution is N-R (measured by the standard Gardner-Holdt bubble viscosity method). The resin solution is neutralized with dilute sodium hydroxide to a pH range of 7.0 to 7.2. Methanol (2.23 grams) is added to the mixture, which is then diluted with water to a 40 per cent solids concentration.

(b) The procedure described in (a) is repeated except that the following proportions of the reactants are used and the reatcion is continued to a viscosity of TU:

Mols Urea 1 Formaldehyde 2.42 Tris(2-hydroxyethyl)amine 0.05 Ammonia 0.10

(c) The procedure described in (a) is repeated except that the following proportions of the reactants are used and the reaction is continued to a viscosity of 0.

Mols Urea 1 Formaldehyde 2.57 Tris(2-hydroxyethyl)amine 0.01 Ammonia 0.15

The procedures described in (a), (b) and (c) above may be repeated to prepare other thermosetting synthetic a I 12 methylamine, (2-hydroxyethyl) dimethylamine, (2-hydroxyethyl) ethylamine, 1,1 bis(hydroxymethyl)ethylamine, bis(2 hydroxyethyl) methylamine, bis(hydroxymethyl)methylamine, bis(2-hydroxyethyl) ethylamine, l-hydroxymethylpropylamine, 1,1 di(hydroxymethyl)- propylamine, 1-1-dimethyl-2-hydroxyethylamine, 2-hydroxypropylamine, Z-hydroxybutylamine, N,N-bis(2-hy droxyethyU-piperaz'ine, or 2,2-bis(2-hydroxyethylamino) diethylether) This is a continuation-in-part of application Serial No. 226,726, filed May 16, 1951, now abandoned.

Having described the invention, we claim:

1. A method of producing a thermosetting synthetic resin capable'of imparting improved wet strength to paper, that comprises reacting 1 mol of ammonia with 1 to 4 mols of formaldehyde and 1 to 6 mols of formic acid in aqueous solution to produce methylamines, and reacting from 3 /3 to 100 mols of urea per mol of ammonia and 1.8 to 2.4 mols of formaldehyde per mol of urea in aqueous solution with the methyl amines so produced at a pH between about 3.0 and about 6.5.

2. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein at least part of the methylamines produced form salts with formic acid present in the solution. 7

3. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the urea and formaldehyde are present in the solution in which the methylamines are formed.

4. A method as claimed in claim 3 wherein the urea and formaldehyde are reacted simultaneously with the methylamines and a salt of a hydroxyalkylammonium hydroxide, the only atoms in such hydroxyalkylamrnonium hydroxide other than carbon, hydrogen, quaternary nitrogen and ether oxygen atoms consisting of oxygen atoms contained in hydroxyl groups, and the total number of carbon atoms being not more than twice the sum of the number of quaternary nitrogen and ether oxygen atoms and the number of hydroxyls present in 'hydroxyalkyl groups. a

5. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the urea and formaldehyde are reacted simultaneously with the methylamines and a salt of a hydroxyalitylammonium hydroxide, the only atoms in such hydroxyalkylammonium hydroxide other than carbon, hydrogen, quaternary nitrogen and ether oxygen atoms consisting of oxygen atoms contained in hydroxyl groups, and the total number of carbon atoms being not more than twice the sum of the numberof quaternary nitrogen and ether oxygen atoms and the number of hydroxyls present in hydroxyalkyl groups.

6. .A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the urea and formaldehyde are reacted simultaneously with the methylamines and a salt of triethanolamine.

7. A method of producing a thermosetting synthetic resin capable of imparting an improved wet strength to paper, that comprises reacting one mol of ammonia with l to 4 mols of formaldehyde and 1 to 6 mols of formic acid in aqueous solution to produce methylamines, and heating from 3 /3 to 100 mols of urea per mol of ammonia and from 1.8 to 2.4 mols of formaldehyde per mol of urea in aqueous solution with the methylamines so produced, at an initial pH between about 6.5 and.7 .0 until the solution attains a temperature of about C., and then reducing the pH to between about 3.0 and about 6.5, and maintaining said last-namedpH range while the heating continues.

8. A method as claimed in claim 7 wherein the formaldehyde is provided in an aqueous solution wherein the concentration of said formaldehyde is about 45% and the heating, while the pH of the solution is maintained between about 3.0 and about 6.5, is continued until the viscosity of the solution is D-E as measured by the Gardner-.Holdt bubble viscometer standard measure, coolingthe solution to a temperature of 60 (3., and then continuing the reaction at said last-named temperature until the viscosity of the solution is M N as measured by the Gardner-Holdt bubble viscometer standard measure.

9. A method as claimed in claim 7 wherein the result ing resin solution is subsequently neutralized with a base to the pH range of from 7.0 to 7.4.

10. A method as claimed in claim 8 wherein the resulting resin solution is diluted to a concentration of about 45% solids.

Miller Jan. 14, 1947 Pollak June 12, 1923 Kraus Mar. 10, I936 Hayward Dec. 29, 1942 DAlelio Apr. 20, 1943* Smidth Jan. 4, 1944' Auten July 29, 1952 James Ian. 20, 1953 FOREIGN PATENTS Germany Oct. 26, 1931 Germany May 23, 1935 Austria Nov. 10, 1951 

1. A METHOD OF PRODUCING A THERMOSETTLING SYNTHETIC RESIN CAPABLE OF IMPARTING IMPROVED WET STRENGTH TO PAPER, THAT COMPRISES REACTING 1 MOL OF AMMONIA WITH 1 TO 4 MOLS OF FORMALDEHYDE AND 1 TO 6 MOLS OF FORMIC ACID IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION TO PRODUCE METHYLAMINES, AND REACTING FROM 3 1/3 TO 100 MOL OF UREA PER MOL OF AMMONIA AND 1.8 TO 2.4 MOLS OF FORMALDEHYDE PER MOL OF UREA IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION WITH THE METHYL AMINES SO PRODUCED AT A PH BETWEEN ABOUT 3.0 AND ABOUT 6.5. 